ABSTRACT Lorraine Killion is an Associate Professor in the Health & Kinesiology Department at Texas A&M University-Kingsville. She is also the EC-12 Physical Education Program Coordinator. Authors: Philipp Sauer, Brandon D. Spradley, Fred J. Cromartie Peer-Reviewed Sports Journal writing a law essay, Published by the United States Sports Academy Football is a tough sport to distinguish the differences between the announcers. The announcers talk in almost a neutral dialect. It was quite difficult to determine if the announcer was black or white because both used a common set of vocabulary and kept their conversation to the action of the game. The majority of announcers were older men who were white, but there were also some black announcers. It seemed to depend on the location of the game. Their dialect seemed to most resemble that of a middle class man, using smaller, direct words to get straight to the point. This seems to match the audience, and it would be most beneficial for the managers in charge to hire announcers that the audience could relate to. The athletes are also matched to the announcers. Although the announcers are generally older than the athletes, they are made up of a mixture of white men and black men, and have the same type of background since the announcers are generally retired football players. ___________________________________________________________ Race can be diverse in basketball, but the percentages of certain races definitely outnumber others. Basketball is a predominantly African American sport. Caucasian players, whether from the United States or some other country, are the second most populated race in the sport. There are other races, including Chinese that take part in basketball. Since basketball is mostly black and white, this could be a very probable reason why the audience is mostly black and white also. As for the announcers, they tend to follow the trend of basketball players because most of the time you find black and white announcers. A majority of the announcers I would say are middle aged African Americans. This is so because many of the announcers are retired basketball players. You do find older white announcers, who themselves are usually retired basketball players. Men are not the only people who announce the basketball games; women also take part in this career. However, it is a lot lower percentage. One thing that is very common between all announcers, no matter their gender, age, or race, is that they all have a lot of previous basketball experience, both playing and watching. Since the ambience of golf tends to be more reserved than other sports, it’s obvious that the tone and dialogue of the commentators match this mood. They speak in general English (GE), and in a restricted manner, assuming that the audience knows what they are talking about. To outsiders, such terms as “money list” are very confusing. Overall, there are no distinctions in language phonetics that can be made from commentator to a player or even commercials for that matter. The lexicon and language continue to be the same throughout the sport. The only miniscule difference is between the regional variation of players and the sportscasters from which we can hear differences in Southern accents vs. Midwest or West coast dialect. This lack of variation could be the result of little cultural diversity. While some may misinterpret this as a hint at the education of the current and retired golfers since many, including Tiger Woods, attended Harvard and other prestigious, higher education institutions. On the other hand, some never even went to college and therefore we can assume that given their environment, most of the morphology was learned, as is the case for Vijay Sigher, who is a Fijian of Indian descent. At this point essay about mass media, Golf is becoming more and more diverse, though the announcers have yet to catch up and match this variance. Although baseball fans come from every walk of life, the fans who attend the games and follow their teams are usually middle-aged males. This is shown through the use of a more traditional ‘lingo.’ Unlike basketball, where phrases can become dated (i.e. “he put the nail in the coffin”) and can change from time to time, as would be expected with a younger crowd, baseball lingo has stayed basically the same. When listening to a game one rarely hears a term that is the equivalent to the basketball “on fire.” The closest thing to a baseball ‘lingo’ is when announcers use the position numbers of players rather than their names or jersey numbers. For example if an announcer says “four, six, two double play” he means that the second baseman threw the ball to the shortstop that made an out, and then threw the ball to the first baseman that also made an out. This use of position numbers is more of a part of the vocabulary of baseball rather than a trendy phrase like those used in more fast-paced sports such as football or basketball. The slow relaxed pace of baseball probably draws the older crowd and discourages younger ages that crave action and excitement. This can be seen in the way that baseball uses a more traditional, stable vocabulary as opposed to the trendy phrases of sports that have more action. Golf attracts a very non-diverse audience. Golf has received the reputation of being an upper to middle class, white, male-centered sport. It is quite clear that golf focuses on this type of audience not only when observing the actual sport school essays for sale, but when watching commercials and seeing whom the sponsors are of this sport. Most commercials are centered on white middle class families and involve a lot of ritzy material objects, especially cars, for which commercials include Porsche, BMW “the ultimate driving machine”, Cadillac, and Bergstrum-Hummer of Madison. This can be thought of as basketball “lingo”. For example, if a player attempts a shot and is blocked by his/her defender you may here, “Not in his house!” Another example of basketball lingo is when a player is consistently making shot after shot in which it is said that, “He is on fire!” In addition to this “lingo” that places basketball announcers apart from announcers of other sports; their emotions play a large part in their speech. It is interesting that basketball fans often have a favorite announcer or one that they get annoyed by. An announcer’s personality will come out in their announcing abilities, which will often cause for some people to like one announcer and not the next. Components of a basketball game are the athletes, coaching staff, audience, and the announcers. So obviously they are an important component of the basketball season. In most sports, it is quite obvious to whom the announcers are speaking to. It seems that in football, the audience is a wide variety of people. In the stands, you normally see a mixture of white and black people essay writing service in australia, generally men, which are in their thirties or forties. The announcers use this information to curve the way that they speak to the audience. They use regular terms that both white and black people would commonly use, and do not seem to favor either race or dialect. They also make sure to speak so that people of all intellectual levels would understand. Sporting events are an ever-growing hobby or form of entertainment. Millions and millions of people around the world watch some sporting event in a weeks time. With these sports you get a bunch of hard working athletes, but no sport would be the same without the game time announcers. These people are the speakers, the ones who vocalize and analyze the game. These announcers can vary entirely or slightly from sport to sport. We chose four of the main sports in the United States today and analyzed how the announcers relate to their audience, their general race and age, and the characteristics of the language and emotions that take place during a game. Birkbeck Sport Business Centre Research Paper, Volume 7, Number 1, May 2014: Sport Policy Analytics for Professional Sports League: Richard Evans. Birkbeck Sport Business Centre Research Paper, Volume 6, Number 2, December 2013: Going beyond on-pitch success: Fan engagement as a catalyst for growth: Nicole Allison. Birkbeck Sport Business Centre Research Paper, Volume 5, Number 2, March 2012: Football and Corporate Social Responsibility: Mark Panton. Birkbeck Sport Business Centre Research Paper, Volume 9, Number 3, September 2016: Economic evaluation of football players through media value. Dr. Pedro Garcia-del-Barrio and Dr. Francesc Pujol. Birkbeck Sport Business Centre Research Paper, Volume 10, Number 1, January 2017: What is the role of an independent non-executive director on the board of a National Governing Body of Sport. Mr. Patrick Nelson Birkbeck Sport Business Centre Research Paper, Volume 9, Number 2, February 2016: Using Social Media to Identify Market Inefficiencies: Evidence from Twitter and Betfair. Dr. Alasdair Brown, Dr. Dooruj Rambaccussing, Dr. James Reade and Dr. Giambattista Rossi These are some really great ideas that you may like to consider as a Sports research paper topic. Another topic that opens a number of avenues when it comes to writing research papers is sports injuries. The paper could cover many aspects of injuries, including aftercare and prevention. Are you looking for Hook for essays, good hooks, how to write a hook, what is a hook, how to write a good hook, hook sentences. Choose from a range of academic writing tasks and get the one that you need With $57 billion allocated towards sponsorship annually, it has become an integral part of the marketing mix for firms and is necessary for the survival of many sport organizations. Despite the importance of these partnerships, conditions that can jeopardize what is intended by both sides to be a long-term relationship are under-researched. Utilizing survival analysis modeling to empirically examine a longitudinal dataset of 69 global sponsorships of the Olympic Games and FIFA World Cup, this research seeks to isolate factors that may predict the dissolution of such partnerships and test a dynamic, integrated model of sponsorship decision-making. Results indicate that groups of dyadic, seller-focused, and buyer-focused factors all predict a significant amount of incremental variance in the hazard (i.e. probability) of sponsorship dissolution. Among variables that are statistically significant predictors of the dissolution of sponsorships are economic conditions, such as the presence of an inflationary economy in the home country of the sponsor. For example, every one percent increase in the average annual growth rate of the consumer price index during the term of the sponsorship increases the hazard of dissolution by 28.3%. From the perspective of the sponsored property, increased clutter is also detrimental, with every one additional sponsor added increasing the hazard of dissolution by 46.7%, demonstrating the importance of exclusivity in global sponsorships. Consistent with past research on sponsoring brands, both congruence and high levels of brand equity reduces the hazard of dissolution, by 70.6% and 65.9%, respectively. Judging a gymnastics routine is a noisy process, and the performance of judges varies widely. The International Federation of Gymnastics (FIG), in collaboration with Longines and the Université de Neuchâtel, is designing and implementing an improved statistical engine to analyze the performance of gymnastics judges during and after major competitions like the Olympic Games and the World Championships. The engine, called the Judge Evaluation program (JEP), has three objectives: (1) provide constructive feedback to judges think positive essays, executive committees and national federations; (2) assign the best judges to the most important competitions; and (3) detect bias and outright cheating. In this article, using data from international competitions held during the 2013-2016 Olympic cycle, we first develop a marking score evaluating the accuracy of the marks given by judges. We then study ranking scores assessing to what extent judges rate gymnasts in the correct order, and explain why we ultimately chose not to implement them. We study outlier detection to pinpoint athletes that were poorly evaluated by judges. Finally, we discuss interesting observations and discoveries that led to recommendations to the FIG. Previous year’s top papers were featured on top media outlets through the world, and captured the attention of representatives from numerous professional sports teams. Until recently, ranking the skills of golfers on the PGA TOUR was best accomplished by using imprecise summary statistics such as Driving Accuracy and Average Putts Per Round. Since 2003, The PGA TOUR, through their ShotLink Intelligence™ program, has collected detailed shot-level data, which provides coordinates of the locations of shots along with other information. Through the analysis of this data, more fine-grained and precise estimates of the skills of golfers on tour are now possible. The problem of estimating the skill of golfers in different aspects of the game given data from competitions is not simple. This work recognizes a wide array of statistical challenges associated with this problem, which a number of previous approaches to the problem have failed to adequately acknowledge. A brand new approach to the problem is presented which invokes comparisons of the quality of shots taken on the same hole during the same round. The comparisons are utilized in a Network Analysis technique, which is generalized to suit the needs of the problem. This approach is supported with empirical evidence of stronger correlations with the future success of the golfers than the system currently used by the PGA TOUR. Every year, the MIT Sloan Sports Analytics Conference Research Paper Competition brings exciting and innovative insight and changes to the way we analyze sports. With submissions on topics ranging from the spelling bee to rugby, basketball, and more, we represent the largest forum for groundbreaking research in sports. The Research Paper Competition is an incredible opportunity to reach a diverse audience while still contributing to the advancement of analytics in sports. Using new game events and location data, we introduce a player performance assessment system that supports drafting, trading, and coaching decisions in the NHL. Players who tend to play in similar locations are clustered together using machine learning techniques, which capture similarity in styles and roles. Clustering players avoids apples-to-oranges comparisons, like comparing offensive and defensive players. Within each cluster, players are ranked according to how much their actions impact their team’s chance of scoring the next goal. Our player ranking is based on assigning location-dependent values to actions. A high-resolution Markov model also pinpoints the game situations and rink locations in which players tend to do actions with exceptionally high/low values. This paper seeks to outline and quantify methods to objectively rate six fundamental skills in volleyball: i) serve, ii) reception, iii) set persuasive speech topics for college students 2015, iv) attack, v) block, and vi) dig. While these skills are currently rated in competitive volleyball, there is no method currently in place that will consistently and objectively rate players and teams. With the ability to consistently grade these fundamentals across a large amount of data, it becomes possible to accurately predict matchups and determine player and team success. Our work explores how sports analytics can be used to broaden the application of math and statistics for youth, by teaching students to gather and analyze data directly linked to their own basketball performance. We believe this approach not only allows players and coaches to use analytics to improve individual performance, but it also provides an authentic, contextualized introduction to science, technology social work personal statement university, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. To investigate the potential of sports analytics as a method to increase youth athletes’ understanding of basketball performance and training, we created an open source shooting program that generates personalized heat maps based on user-collected data. We organized a series of free shooting clinics with local middle and high school coaches during which 98 youth participants collected their own shooting data. This was used to generate heat map representations of their own performance. Youth used these heatmaps to visualize their own shooting percentages and scoring efficiency from 14 locations around the court in order to inform their own training and in-game decisions. Program outcomes were evaluated through the use of a pre- and post-tests that assessed the students’ perceptions of their own interest and ability within basketball, analytics, and STEM. Our work showed that the use of analytics within youth programs increased youth confidence in basketball training, and knowledge of applications of STEM and analytics within sports. We believe this approach can be integrated within a professional sports organization’s existing youth programs to promote STEM education as a public good. Passing is the backbone of soccer and forms the basis of important decisions made by managers and owners; such as buying players, picking offensive or defensive strategies or even defining a style of play. These decisions can be supported by analyzing how a player performs and how his style affects team performance. The flow of a player or a team can be studied by finding unique passing motifs from the patterns in the subgraphs of a possession-passing network of soccer games. These flow motifs can be used to analyze individual players and teams based on the diversity and frequency of their involvement in different motifs. Building on the flow motif analyses, we introduce an expected goals model to measure the effectiveness of each style of play. We also make use of a novel way to represent motif data that is easy to understand and can be used to compare players, teams and seasons. Our data set has the last 4 seasons of 6 big European leagues with 8219 matches, 3532 unique players and 155 unique teams. We will use flow motifs to analyze different events, such as for example the transfer of Claudio Bravo to Pep Guardiola’s Manchester City, who Jean Seri is and why he must be an elite midfielder and the difference in attacking style between Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo. Ultimately, an analysis of Post-Fàbregas Arsenal is conducted wherein different techniques are combined to analyze the impact the acquisition of Mesut Özil and Alexis Sánchez had on the strategies implemented at Arsenal. With the name giving it all away, stress fracture are the outcome of overuse and accumulated stress on a weight bearing bone in the human body. These types of fractures are quite common in the sports world with 10 percent of all sports injuries involving a stress fracture (Oakes). These injuries also occur frequently in adolescent athletes because their bones are not yet fully developed and are not capable of handling the amount of stress a fully formed adult skeleton may be able to withstand (Brenner). There are relatively few indicators of a stress fracture aside from localized pain, slight swelling, and increased discomfort with activity, therefore, bone scans or MRI tests are conducted to provide a visual of the affected area to confirm the diagnosis (Oakes). Most sports vary in conditioning methods and it is important to adhere to general guidelines for each sport when training or conditioning. The principle of periodization states that training work outs should be changed throughout the year so that cardiovascular and muscle strength conditioning can progress at a steady, healthy rate. Conditioning of young athletes should also be monitored by a coach, pediatrician, or professional with knowledge on proper techniques in training such as weight lifting, cardiovascular strength and endurance, and flexibility as well as the growth and development of children. Another way to prevent injuries in young athletes is to follow the principle of progressive overload, meaning that muscles, bones, or functioning systems of the body should not be subjected to excessive stress too quickly. For example, if the goal of a young soccer player is to run two miles a day to be prepared for the running endured during a game, they should not start out running two miles a day. Instead, they should start out running about a half of a mile a day, progressively working up to two miles. The rate at which the mileage increases depends on the success of the player in completing their scheduled running as well as their fitness level. In theory, their cardiovascular fitness and muscle endurance should increase in direct relation with the mileage. The community of Orange is experiencing tough economic times and the loss of the sports programs for children are a major concern amongst the members of the population. This paper will also evaluate the impact that the loss of sports through the public schools will have on not only the athletes, but their parents, coaches and supporters as well. It is also the responsibility of the coach to see that players are following safety rules. Equipment of all players should be fitted and worn properly; otherwise it is ineffective in protecting regions of the body from harm. For youth sports, equipment or other protective devices should be certified by various safety organizations, depending on the age group and skill level of the athletes in addition to the geographical region in which the sport is being played. Additionally, coaches should critique playing and skill techniques of the players to ensure that they are not putting themselves or others in danger. For example intentional head down contact into an opponent with intent to do harm, called spearing, is not permitted in the National Football League nor anywhere else and therefore should be addressed immediately if it is seen being practiced by any player. Millions of children participate in organized sports in America every year, and millions of children are diagnosed with overuse injuries every year as well. This paper will examine four of the major overuse injuries plaguing the adolescent population in the US. It will also cover the treatment and prevention methods for each diagnosis in addition to reasons why the injuries occur and how they should be addressed. Overtraining and Sports Psychology An increasing problem amongst youth athletes in America is overtraining, or burnout syndrome. Burnout, “a series of psychological, physiological, and hormonal changes that result in decreased sports performance”, can have a serious impact on a young athlete and their future in sports (Brenner). When an athlete experiences burnout syndrome their initiative and interest in their activities significantly decreases in addition to their work performance and efficiency. They may also be fatigued and extremely stressed by normal activities as a result from excessive work outs with out adequate recuperation time. Pressure from parents computer courses online, coaches and peers is a major factor in burnout syndrome. These individuals often push the athlete against their will to perform at a higher level, and considering that only 0.2 percent to 0.5 percent of high school athletes make it to the professional level, parents or athletes dreams of doing so are often far fetched (Brenner). It is recommended that athletes learn to recognize their mental and physical limits so as to protect themselves from injury, for if such boundaries are pushed, the damage may be irreversible (Borkowski). Many people see the small town of Orange as just that: a small town. But as it turns out, the community within the county currently thrives on itself and a mainstay in the area is the school related sports. However, due to the recent cuts to the public school budget, the threat of losing sports in Orange County looms closer. The loss of the pastime of sports in this rural community would have devastating effects on not only the students but the entire community. Sports provide an outlet for children to release their energy or tension as well as a safe method of diffusing anger or stress. If there was no after school sports on Orange County, the rate of deviant behavior amongst all age groups would increase significantly because children would now have “too much time on their hands”, thus leading them to trouble and mischievousness. Sports not only influence the athletes but the coaches as well, who in the absence of a sports program through the schools, would be out of a job. This could be detrimental to the lifestyle many of the coaches live, for many of them channel their love of sports and teaching into a coaching job to supplement their income (which is usually much needed in today’s questionable economy). Little League Elbow Little League Elbow Learn Sport Specific Skills For children participating in organized sports, learning sports specific skills is essential to the prevention of injuries to themselves and others. While youth sports should be geared towards fun, individual success, and learning research paper for sociology, mastering basic sports specific skills at an early age could save a lot of time and effort in correcting bad technique (Brenner). For example, it is critical that a little league player knows the correct mechanics of swinging a baseball bat before they step foot on the field. Otherwise he may endanger the catcher by swinging backwards or other players on the field or bystanders by throwing the bat. Likewise for a basketball player in that they are not permitted to run the length of the court flailing their arms for the risk of injuring another player is too great, and it is simply unsportsmanlike. Also, finding the “right fit” for a child in a particular sport will make the experience determinably more enjoyable in that they will be more willing to comply with the rules of the game and they will also be more engaged in the game, creating a safe environment for all. Some children are simply not anatomically or mentally adept to play certain sports and forcing an activity upon them could put that child and others participating in danger. It is also in the best interest of all athletes involved if they are matched evenly with their opposition by size, maturation or skill level (University of Minnesota,). For example, a 110 pound wrestler should not be matched against a 180 pound opponent because the heavier athlete out matches the smaller in sheer size which puts the smaller athlete at a much greater risk of getting injured. Lack of Safety Measures
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